tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23098196123439559142024-03-14T01:38:54.381-07:00GIAT BERBAKTI UNTUK KESEJAHTERAAN BERSAMAMemaparkan pelbagai cerita yang terlintas difikiranMimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-46608074672669863702021-02-11T19:28:00.000-08:002021-02-11T19:28:17.498-08:00GIAT BAKTI ENTERPRISE, KONTRAKTOR ELEKTRIK BERDAFTAR, 019-4766544- Latar Belakang <p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="height: 17.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="height: 17.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 509.3pt;" width="566"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 51px; margin-left: 21px; margin-top: 47px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 254px; z-index: 251660288;"><br /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NO 9 ARKED MDY JALAN PEGAWAI<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>06900, YAN, KEDAH – TEL:
019-4766544,<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>email: giatbakti@yahoo.com.my
<br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KONTRAKTOR ELEKTRIK </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> BERDAFTAR SURUHANJAYA TENAGA MALAYSIA DAN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 52.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%;">PROFAIL<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Broadway; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%;">GIAT BAKTI
ENTERPRISE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">NO 9 ARKED MDY<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">JALAN PEGAWAI<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">06900<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">YAN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">KEDAH<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;"><o:p> AS02260225-T</o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Latar belakang
Syarikat Perniagaan kami<o:p></o:p></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Syarikat Perniagaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini di tubuhkan pada bulan Februari 2001, Ibu pejabat berdaftar di no 9
Arked MDY Jalan Pegawai, 06900 Yan, Kedah<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Berdaftar dengan CIDB , Suruhanjaya Tenaga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Malaysia dan Tenaga Nasional Berhad, untuk
menguruskan pendawaian dan pepasangan elektrik seluruh Malaysia<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mempunyai 4 cawangan utama di seluroh Malaysia<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Kedah – Yan dan Kuala Ketil<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Kelantan - Kota Bharu<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Terengganu - Kuala Terengganu<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Selangor - Shah Alam<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pahang –Pekan dan Rompin<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Syarikat perkongsian ini di anggotai oleh:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Suhaimi bin Mat Jusoh, Diploma Pengurusan
Perniagaan UiTM Merbok , sebagai Pengerusi Giat Bakti Group Enterprise.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mohd Fauzi bin Bakar, bekas pelatih Giatmara
Jerai tahun 1995, Pendawai PW4 (Menubuhkan satu lagi perniagaan bernama FZ
litar Enterprise), berdaftar CIDB, ST, TNB dan JKR Elektrik <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Md Nasir bin Mansor, bekas pelatih Giatmara
Jerai tahun 2000 (Menubuhkan satu lagi perniagaan bernama NTM Cergas
Enterprise), berdaftar CIDB, ST, TNB dan Telekom Malaysia.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ku Huzaimi bin Ku Mansor, bekas pelatih Giatmara
Jerai tahun 1997 (Menubuhkan dua lagi perniagaan bernaha ISHPY Enterprise dan
DZ Gemilang Ent. Berdaftar Majlis Daerah Yan, CIDB, ST dan TNB <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pendawai Bertauliah yang berdaftar sekarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan Suruhanjaya Tenaga di bawah sykt Giat
Bakti Ent. sekarang ialah:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suhaimi
bin Mat Jusoh PW4, bekas pengajar Giatmara Jerai dan Merbok<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mohd Rosdi bin Rashid, PW4, bekas pelatih
Giatmara Langkawi dan Merbok.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Shahiran bin Mohamad, PW2, bekas pelatih
Giatmara Jerai.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Piagam pelanggan syarikat perniagaan kami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ialah<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Giat Berbakti untuk Kesejahteran Bersama<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Membina Usahawan Jaya<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Membaikpulih Semangat Anak Bangsa.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">C CARTA ORGANISASI</p><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="Text Box: SUHAIMI BIN MAT JUSOH
DIPLOMA PENGURUSAN PERNIAGAAN UITM
PENDAWAI PW4 DAN PENJAGA JENTERA A4
(PENGURUS)
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<td width="110">Mengurus kan Kemasukan bekalan baru TNB (New) dan Existing Premis<br /><br />Menguruskan bekalan Elektrik Solar<br /><br />Proses tukar nama bil elektrik</td>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bodoni MT Black",serif; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-91469551563663474182018-12-28T20:32:00.001-08:002018-12-28T20:37:15.996-08:00SISTEM PEMBUMIAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Sistem Pembumian(elektrik) di Malaysia</h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">PENGENALAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Bumi merupakan satu jisim yang amat besar sehingga mampu menerima dan meneutralkan sejumlah volatan yang tinggi tanpa menjejaskannya terutama dari panahan kilat. Pada 1836 Seorang saintis Jerman<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Carl August Steinheil </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">telah menemui </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;">bahawa bumi boleh digunakan sebagai laluan balik bagi melengkapkan litar elektrik tanpa memerlukan wayar balikan. Ia digunakan beberapa tahun dalam sistem telegraf sehingga talian telefon dicipta sistem ini tidak sesuai lagi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Pada 1928 </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Philip F. Labre seorang pelajar </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">di Sekolah Kejuruteraan Milwaukee (MSOE) mendapati </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">bahawa jika plag tersebut dibumikan, arus elektrik akan pergi ke bumi dan bukannya ke badan manusia. Seterusnya beliau memohon untuk diberi paten dengan bentuk soket 3 pin yang digunakan sehingga ke hari ini.</span></span></div>
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Sambungan elektrik ke bumi dibuat kerana dua sebab. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1- Untuk keselamatan pengguna dari bahaya renjatan, kebakaran dan kemusnahan harta benda. Pada awalnya perlindungan ini menggunakan element fius tapi kini pemutus litar yang lebih moden digunakan. Pemutus litar akan terpelantik sekiranya mengesan sebarang kebocoran elektrik di dalam litar.</div>
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2- Sebagaimana yang kita tahu, bekalan elektrik memerlukan pengali LIVE dan NEUTRAL untuk melengkapkan litar elektrik. Jika pengalir neutral dibumikan, ia telah menjimatkan sehingga 50% kos laluan balik pengalir neutral untuk melengkapkan sesuatu litar. Bagi pendawaian DC ia dipanggil grounding pada terminal negatif sumber bekalan. </div>
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BAHAGIAN YANG PERLU DIBUMIKAN<br />
Secara amnya pembumian melibatkan dua bahagian iaitu:<br />
1- Pembumian sistem<br />
Tujuannya ialah untuk mengasingkan sistem yang rosak supaya ia tidak memberi kesan kepada pepasangan dan manusia<br />
<br />
2- Pembumian peralatan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tujuan pembumian kepada peralatan ialah untuk keselamatan manusia jika berlaku kegagalan penebat untuk berfungsi. Ia akan memberi laluan yang berintangan rendah untuk elektrik ke bumi. Dengan syarat rintangan yang dibuat hendaklah lebih rendah dari rintangan badan manusia.</div>
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JENIS PEMBUMIAN</div>
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Mengikut piawaian MSIEC, sistem pembumian antarabangsa terbahagi kepada 3 bahagian utama iaitu menggunakan kod 2 huruf iaitu TN, TT dan IT.</div>
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Maksud huruf PERTAMA<br />
T- Satu atau lebih punca pengalir dibumikan<br />
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I- Tiada punca bekalan pengguna dibumikan</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ptAhzOL5jWw/UreM5HxcGDI/AAAAAAAAAeI/_OEgE_RbITs/s1600/TT.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="443" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ptAhzOL5jWw/UreM5HxcGDI/AAAAAAAAAeI/_OEgE_RbITs/s640/TT.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
Maksud huruf KEDUA<br />
T- Semua logam yang terdedah disambung kepada jisim umum bumi<br />
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N- Semua logam yang terdedah disambung kepada jisim bumi bekalan pengguna<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6mai7Gx6oIk/UreNeh7s9FI/AAAAAAAAAeQ/ebbiuejLLYM/s1600/TN-C--S.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="454" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6mai7Gx6oIk/UreNeh7s9FI/AAAAAAAAAeQ/ebbiuejLLYM/s640/TN-C--S.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div>
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Maksud huruf KETIGA dan KEEMPAT<br />
S- Pengasingan pengalir neutral dan bumi<br />
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C- Pengalir neutral dan bumi dicantumkan.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_TdpAtRY6ug/UrfFrY0ZI8I/AAAAAAAAAf0/RiVJZL_B_uE/s1600/Consumer+unit.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="486" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_TdpAtRY6ug/UrfFrY0ZI8I/AAAAAAAAAf0/RiVJZL_B_uE/s640/Consumer+unit.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cara sambungan unit pengguna yang menggunakan 2 unit RCD</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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SISTEM TT<br />
Malaysia menggunakan sistem TT dimana pengalir fasa dan neutral diambil dari pihak pembekal TNB manakala pihak pengguna mempunyai pengalir buminya sendiri. Pihak pengguna juga perlu memasang pemutus litar (RCD) sendiri. Bacaan nilai galangan bumi (Z) hendaklah di bawah 10 Ohm.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--nHVnyRCk6s/UreVReBz7mI/AAAAAAAAAeg/d4bfnsHzjoY/s1600/TN-S+Earth.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--nHVnyRCk6s/UreVReBz7mI/AAAAAAAAAeg/d4bfnsHzjoY/s640/TN-S+Earth.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div>
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SISTEM IT<br />
Sistem ini mempunyai banyak persamaan dengan sistem TT tetapi ia diamalkan untuk sistem penghantaran dan voltan tinggi sahaja. Sistem IT tidak memerlukan pengalir bumi tetapi semua bahagian logam pengalir terdedah dibumikan dengan berkesan.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X2FKgeCr79M/UreVxQlKb0I/AAAAAAAAAeo/t8uv2jqOaLM/s1600/IT-earth.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X2FKgeCr79M/UreVxQlKb0I/AAAAAAAAAeo/t8uv2jqOaLM/s640/IT-earth.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div>
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MENGELAK KEBOCORAN ARUS<br />
Oleh kerana bahaya elektrik boleh memudaratkan nyawa dan harta benda maka ia perlu diuruskan dengan sebaik mungkin. Antara kaedah yang boleh diamalkan ialah:<br />
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a- Semua bahagaian pengalir terdedah dan badan berlogam dibumikan<br />
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b- Pengalir yang digunakan hendaklah bertebat dua lapis<br />
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c- Mengasingkan bahagian logam agar tidak bersentuh dengan pengalir yang membawa arus.<br />
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PENGECUALIAN PEMBUMIAN<br />
a- Klip logam untuk memasang kabel<br />
<br />
b- Penutup logam bahagian lampu<br />
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c- Rantai untuk menggantung lampu<br />
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d- Peralatan lampu antik<br />
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e- bahagian logam kecil seperti skru, paku dan plat nama logam<br />
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ISTILAH PEMBUMIAN<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jzzh-1_zTtM/UrfHBU8nNcI/AAAAAAAAAgA/ddxAlocH2k4/s1600/Earth+bonding+TT.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="460" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jzzh-1_zTtM/UrfHBU8nNcI/AAAAAAAAAgA/ddxAlocH2k4/s640/Earth+bonding+TT.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cara sambungan pengalir bumi</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
a- Pengalir bumi<br />
Antara punca bumi pengguna dengan elektrod bumi<br />
<br />
b- Pengalir Ikatan<br />
Sambungan bumi kepada peralatan bukan elektrik<br />
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c- Rintangan bumi<br />
Rintangan bumi tempat elektrod ditanam<br />
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d- Impedan litar rosak ke bumi<br />
Jumlah rintangan yang dilalui oleh aru bocor ke bumi dari punca hidup bekalan ke elektrod bumi<br />
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e- Kawsan rintangan bumi<br />
Jarak kawasan bagi satu elektrod bumi yang berada dalam kawalannya (minima 6m)<br />
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f- Rintangan gelung bumi<br />
Rintangan litar yang dilalui oleh arus bocor ke bumi bermula dari punca akhir pengalir perlindungan bumi hingga ke elektrod<br />
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g- Punca bumi pengguna<br />
Punca tempat penyambungan semua pengalir pelindung<br />
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h- Kawasan rintangan bumi bertindih<br />
Kawasan penanaman elektrod bumi kedua yang berada dalam lingkaran 6 meter dari elektrod bumi pertama<br />
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PENGALIR PELINDUNG<br />
Juga dikenali sebagai pengalir keterusan bumi. Saiznya ditentukan melalui jadual 54F. Bahagian logam pendawaian seperti kondiut, trunking dan tray tidak boleh digunakan sebagai satu-satunya pengalir bumi tetapi hendaklah disambung dengan pengalir bumi. Antara keperluan pengalir pelindung ialah:<br />
a- Jika pengalir kurang dari 6mm, ia hendaklah bertebat dan disambung ketat.<br />
<br />
b- Pengalir pelindung tidak bertebat hendaklah dilindungi dari hakisan dan tindakbalas kimia.<br />
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c- Setiap sambungan hendaklah mematuhi kekuatan mekanikal dan elektrikal<br />
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d- Kondiut mudah lentur tidak boleh digunakan sebagai pengalir pelindung<br />
<br />
e- Rintangan pengalir pelindung jenis kuprum atau aluminium tidak lebih dari 1 Ohm<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u7V_H1k_3gU/UresIHrbJMI/AAAAAAAAAfM/zRRYfSxH_tc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-23+at+11.19.55+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u7V_H1k_3gU/UresIHrbJMI/AAAAAAAAAfM/zRRYfSxH_tc/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-12-23+at+11.19.55+AM.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Jadual untuk menentukan saiz pengalir pelindung</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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ELEKTROD BUMI<br />
Untuk menyambungkan elektrik dengan bumi, sejenis bahan hendaklah digunakan iaitu berupa logam samada berbentuk rod atau plate. Ia juga dikenali sebagai elektrod bumi<br />
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a- Paip galvani dengan 2-3 meter panjang dan berdiameter 40mm<br />
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b- Paip kuprum dengan 2-3 meter panjang dan berdiameter 20mm<br />
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c- Rod kuprum dengan 2-3 meter panjang dan berdiameter 16mm<br />
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d- Jalur kuprum (cooper tape) dengan saiz 3cm lebar x 0.4cm x 100m panjang<br />
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Paip galvani dan Rod kuprum adalah paling banyak digunakan kerana nilai-nilai berikut:<br />
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a- Sifat pengaliran yang tinggi<br />
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b- Nilai rintangan yang rendah<br />
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c- Tidak mudah berkarat<br />
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d- Kos yang rendah<br />
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e- Kedalaman elektrod yang ditanam lebih baik dari permukaan yang luar luas tetapi dipermukaan<br />
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Keberkesanan elektrod bumi juga bergantung kepada jenis tanah samada berpasir, berkapur atau tanah liat. Keadaan tanah yang lembab adalah lebih baik. Rintangan yang tinggi akan mempengaruhi keberkesanan RCD.<br />
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FIUS SEBAGAI PELINDUNG LITAR<br />
Fius digunakan sekian lama sebagai pelindung litar elektrik sehinggalah pemutus litar (circuit breaker) dicipta. Ia kurang cekap berbanding pemutus litar dan kerap disalah dawai dengan nilai yang salah. Untuk terus menggunakan fius sebagai pelindung litar, disiplin yang tinggi diperlukan ketika senggaraan dibuat.<br />
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Fius boleh berfungsi dengan formula berikut:<br />
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Contoh :<br />
Suatu litar akhir gelang menggunakan kabel berpenebat pvk dan bersalut kuprum serta dilindungi oleh 30A fius yang boleh didawaikan iaitu BS 3036. Voltan bekalan ialah 240V. Tentukan saiz minimum pengalir perlindungan litar sekiranya masa kendalian ialah 0.4 saat. Tentukan masa galangan maksimum (Zs) di jadual 41A1, Zs bagi fius BS 3036 ialah 1.1 ohm.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LonIB4Cf_98/UreuQscJDeI/AAAAAAAAAfY/5xUsPKKJDRI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-23+at+11.29.46+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="87" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LonIB4Cf_98/UreuQscJDeI/AAAAAAAAAfY/5xUsPKKJDRI/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-12-23+at+11.29.46+AM.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></div>
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ELCB KENDALIAN ARUS (RCD)<br />
Pemutus litar hendaklah berfungsi memutuskan bekalan dalam masa 0.04 saat (40 milisaat) bila berlaku arus bocor sebanyak 100mA atau maksimun 250mA. Alat ini akan memutuskan litar sebelum nilai voltan yang bocor mencapai nilai 50V maksimun yang juga dikenali sebagai voltan selamat.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e-2EP2iQPE0/UrfEP9IM54I/AAAAAAAAAfs/eHv227G9Fys/s1600/RCD+test+result.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="370" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e-2EP2iQPE0/UrfEP9IM54I/AAAAAAAAAfs/eHv227G9Fys/s640/RCD+test+result.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Keputusan ujian RCD</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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I x Zs < 50 volt<br />
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I ialah sensitiviti RCD iaitu 10mA, 30 mA, 100mA dan 300mA<br />
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Sebagai contoh, nilai kepekaan RCD bagi rumah kediaman ialah 100mA maka<br />
<br />
Zs = 50v/0.1A (100mA)<br />
= 500 Ohm<br />
<br />
Nilai impedance (Z) 500 Ohm bagi galangan elektrod bumi adalah nilai maksimun bagi kepekaan RCD 100mA. Jadi pastikan nilai RCD sebelum ujian elektrod bumi dilakukan. Ini bermakna semakin tinggi nilai kepekaan RCD maka semakin rendah galangan elektrod bumi diperlukan.<br />
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Gmi5E2d_QaM/UrfHpyFfDnI/AAAAAAAAAgI/BAZUMqFlhrM/s1600/RCDtest.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Gmi5E2d_QaM/UrfHpyFfDnI/AAAAAAAAAgI/BAZUMqFlhrM/s640/RCDtest.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cara pengujian RCD</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a9e_GBYMFsM/UrfJHM-0ZGI/AAAAAAAAAgU/m9sMAdAh-EY/s1600/url.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #be6b25; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="354" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a9e_GBYMFsM/UrfJHM-0ZGI/AAAAAAAAAgU/m9sMAdAh-EY/s640/url.jpeg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><div style="font-size: 12.8px;">
RCD akan bertindak bila mengesan ketidak seimbangan dalam litar</div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px;">
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<span style="font-family: arial narrow;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ringkasan</span></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Merupakan salah satu kaedah perlindungan.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Ia juga merupakan sambungan yang dibuat antara logam dan bumi.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Bumi merupakan pengalir yang terbesar dari segi saiz dan jumlah kawasan liputan menyediakan laluan bergalangan rendah bagi arus rosak atau arus bocor.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Sebarang benda yang disambung akan mempunyai keupayaan sifar.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Bumi yang berada pada beza-upaya sifar (Beza-upaya rujukan) dapat menyahkan beza-upaya yang besar dengan cepat.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Inilah tujuan asas pembumian sesuatu alat atau benda iaitu sebagai laluan balik arus atau untuk keselamatan.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Oleh itu, pembumian memberi keselamatan daripada bahaya renjatan elektrik dan kebakaran.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></i></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Apa Yang Perlu Dibumikan (Disambung ke Bumi)</span></i></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Semua struktur logam dalam sistem pendawaian (yang bukan membawa arus) seperti saluran logam, perisai pembuluh, salur, sesalur, dawai katenari dan sebagainya.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Struktur logam terdedah bagi suatu peralatan elektrik termasuk yang bukan berkaitan dengan elektrik seperti paip air, rangka rumah dan sbgnya.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Raleway, helvetica_condensedmedium; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">12.1 Cara dan Istilah <a href="http://notaelektrikkolejvokasional.blogspot.my/2018/03/sistem-pembumian.html" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration-line: none;">Pembumian </a>(Rajah Berkaitan)</span></i></span></h3>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">Pembumian dilakukan dengan menyambungkan apa yang perlu dibumikan ke dawai atau punca bumi pengguna;</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">0 – Dawai pengikat sama upaya</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">1 – Bumi, sambungan yang berkesan ke bumi</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">2 – Elektrod Bumi. Batang (rod) logam, plat logam dan sistem paip logam dalam tanah atau sebarang benda berpengalir bagi memperoleh sambungan bumi yang berkesan</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">3 – Pengalir perlindung litar</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">4 – Dawai pembumi</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">5 – Dawai pengikat sama upaya,</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">10 – Punca bumi pengguna.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WG8FLBoGgVo/Wrjqg3twR9I/AAAAAAAADBQ/YLEq68z-yysZrRzSapPNKGJJCy7dfGoiwCLcBGAs/s1600/bumi.png" imageanchor="1" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="307" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WG8FLBoGgVo/Wrjqg3twR9I/AAAAAAAADBQ/YLEq68z-yysZrRzSapPNKGJJCy7dfGoiwCLcBGAs/s400/bumi.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Sistem Pembumian " width="382" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="tr-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.4px; padding: 0px;">Istilah pembumian</td></tr>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Raleway, helvetica_condensedmedium; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;">12.2 Elektrod – elektrod Bumi</span></i></span></h3>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;">Berikut adalah jenis elektrod yang diperakui dan memenuhi kehendak peraturan pendawaian.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Rod–rod dan paip – paip bumi</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Pita–pita atau dawai – <a href="http://notaelektrikkolejvokasional.blogspot.my/2018/03/sistem-pembumian.html" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration-line: none;">dawai bumi</a></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Plat–plat bumi</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Elektrod–elektrod bumi yang terbenam di dalam tanah</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Konkrit yang bertetulang logam</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Sistem – sistem paip logam</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Sarung plumbum dan sarung daripada logam yang digunakan untuk menyarung kabel dalam tanah</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">· </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; text-indent: -18pt;">Struktur – struktur bawah tanah lain yang bersesuaian</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;">(a) Earth rods 4 pipes</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;">(b) Tapes or wires</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;">(c) Plates</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">(d) Underground structural metalwork embedded in foundation</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">(e) Welded metal reinforment of concrete (not prestressed)</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px;">(f) Lead or metallic covering of cables</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br /><div class="nVcaUb" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-28729537962084854012018-12-28T19:05:00.000-08:002018-12-28T19:05:01.455-08:00KABEL BAWAH TANAH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15.84px;"><span style="color: magenta;">TAJUK: PENGENALAN KEPADA PEPASANGAN SESALUR KABEL BAWAH TANAH</span></b></h3>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta;">TUJUAN:</span></b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Helaian Penerangan ini bertujuan menerangkan rekabentuk pepasangan sesalur kabel bawah tanah</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">yang terdapat pada sesuatu pepasangan industri serta dapat memantapkan lagi pengetahuan dan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">kemahiran dalam melakukan kerja-kerja penyelengaraan pepasangan elektrik voltan rendah.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">PENERANGAN</span></b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Kabel adalah perantaraan atau bahantara untuk membawa tenaga elektrik dari punca</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">penjanaan ke tempat pengguna. Oleh kerana kadaran arus, kadaran voltan, keadaan alat dan tempat</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">pemasangan, yang berbeza- beza, maka terdapat kabel-kabel dalam berbagai jenis dan saiz bagi</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">memenuhi keperluan tersebut.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Kabel-kabel elektrik boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa jenis mengikut bekalan arus ulanglik</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">atau arus terus seperti berikut:</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">- kabel voltan tinggi</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">- kabel voltan rendah</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">- kabel kawalan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">- kabel telehubungan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">- kabel data/isyarat</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Definasi pemilihan pemasangan kabel.</span></b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Pemasangan yang baik bergantung kepada pemilihan kabel dan pendawaian yang sesuai. Oleh kerana</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">itu pemilihan yang teliti hendaklah dibuat agar kabel tersebut tidak membahayakan pengguna tetapi</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">cekap dan berharga murah. Untuk memenuhi kehendak peraturan MS IEC 60364 pada jadual yang</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">telah disediakan kadaran arus dan susutan voltan berbagai –bagai saiz dan jenis kabel. Kadaran</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">voltan kabel-kabel ini adalah 600/1000V atau 1000/1000V bagi kabel yang bertebatkan mineral.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Kesemua voltan ini dikendalikan pada frekuensi 50 Hz . Untuk membuat pemilihan kabel , faktor –</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">faktor berikut adalah diambil kira iaitu;</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">a. Jenis kabel</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">b. Susutan voltan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">c. Keupayaan kabel untuk membawa arus .</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Spesifikasi pepasangan sesalur kabel bawah tanah sistem duct</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Bekalan masuk dari pihak pembekal kebanyakannya menggunakan kabel bawah tanah dan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">dipasang melalui peparit kabel (cable trench). Melalui sasalur ini pengalir kabel amat mudah</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">disambungkan ke pemutus litar .</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Bagi memudahkan kerja-kerja senggaraan kabel keluar dan masuk yang bersaiz kecil atau besar ia</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">amat sesuai dipasang pada sistem sesalur dimana ianya bergantung kepada kemana kabel itu pergi,</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">sama ada kedalam bangunan atau keluar bangunan .</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"></span></b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more" style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"></a><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">HELAIAN KERJA</span></b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">TAJUK : LA03/P1 – PEMASANGAN ‘UNDERGROUND CABLE’</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">OBJEKTIF :</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Selepas proses kerja ini pelajar mesti boleh :</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">1. Mentafsir dan menerangkan simbol, gambarajah susun atur, gambarajah</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">litar ‘underground cable’.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2. Membina laluan ‘underground cable’ dan merentang kabel.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3. Menguji keterusan kabel berperisai.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4. Mengesan kerosakan kabel berperisai.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">ARAHAN AM :</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">1. Pastikan kuantiti alat dan bahan mengikut senarai yang ditetapkan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2. Pastikan alat dan bahan disediakan sebelum kerja dilakukan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3. Memastikan alatan dan bahan yang disediakan berfungsi dengan baik dan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">selamat untuk digunakan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4. Keselamatan diri, penggunaan alat dengan betul dan kebersihan kawasan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">kerja amat dititik beratkan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">5. Elakkan pembaziran bahan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">1.0 APL1 – MENTAFSIR GAMBARAJAH SUSUN ATUR ’UNDERGROUND CABLE’.</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">1.1 Lukiskan lukisan simbol pada Lampiran 1</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">1.2 Lukiskan lukisan skematik pada Lampiran 3</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">1.3 Lukiskan gambarajah litar pendawaian pada Lampiran 4</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2.0 APL2 – MEMBENTUK LALUAN PENDAWAIAN ’UNDERGROUND CABLE’</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2.1 Membentuk laluan underground cable.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2.1.1 Merancang laluan longkang kabel.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2.1.2 Mengukur laluan longkang kabel mengikut jarak yang bersesuaian.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2.1.3 Mengorek longkang kabel sedalam 3 kaki x 1 kaki.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2.1.4 Mengorek tempat pemasangan lampu kawasan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">2.2 Mengamalkan langkah-langkah keselamatan sepanjang proses pendawaian</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">dilakukan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.0 APL3 – MERENTANG KABEL</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.1 Menyediakan kabel mengikut ukuran keperluan projek</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.2 Memastikan jenis dan saiz kabel yang digunakan itu betul.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.3 Merentangkan kabel di dalam longkang dari panel kawalan lampu kawasan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">hingga ke lampu kawasan seterusnya ke lampu kawasan yan lain mengikut</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">laluan yang dikehendaki.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.4 Menutup longkang tersebut.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.5 Membuat pemasangan cable gland.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.6 Membuat sambungan tamatan pada kedua-dua hujung kabel.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">3.7 Rekodkan aktiviti dalam buku log.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4.0 APL4 – MENGUJI PEMASANGAN</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4.1 Menentukan alat-alat penguji berada dalam keadaan baik seperti Jangka Ohm</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">dan Insulation Resistance Tester.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4.2 Pengujian</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4.2.1 Sebelum bekalan disambungkan;</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4.2.1.1 Membuat ujian keterusan kabel berperisai.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4.2.1.2 Membuat ujian rintangan penebatan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">4.3 Rekod bacaan ujian dalam borang ujian di Lampiran 5 dan juga dalam buku</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">log.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #737373; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;" /><div style="background-color: white; 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<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-71710602335585890272016-06-07T19:58:00.002-07:002016-06-07T20:11:52.084-07:00OVERVIEW <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XG8QmSHjRs&list=PLE8838B7A9A546235&index=5</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-74976452141945895122016-04-17T01:27:00.000-07:002016-04-17T01:27:41.486-07:00RING MAIN UNIT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;">PERBEZAAN OLU DAN RING MAIN UNIT</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;">OLU - oil link unit ( adalah sejenis suisgear yang menggunakan medium minyak sebagai penebat dan </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;">arching demolish). suisgear ni selalunya single je (tunggal je).. satu unit je dia dgn transformer</span><br style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;">RMU- ring main unit ( suisgear yg digabungkan, selalu ada 2 unit suisgear bersebelahan masing2..) dia</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"> pakai fius sebagai protection (bukan minyak macam OLU).. fungsi dia advance sket dari RMU, dia boleh</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"> bagi ring circuit pada transformer/ feeder.</span><br style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;">suisgear - ( OLU, RMU, adalah contoh2 suisgear)</span><br style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;">OLU &RMU ni ada di distribution je.. sila tambah lagi pasal ni, mungkin ada kawan2 yang tahu lebih </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;">lanjut pasal OLU & RMU ni..atau jenis2 suisgear lain..kongsi2 kan.. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 12.8px;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: white;">suis ni sbnrnya ad 2 kategori saja,iaitu unit gegelang utama (ring main unit) n pemutus litar</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> (breaker).RMU ada 2 jenis iaitu minyak n gas.rmu y jenis olu&hfu tu mggunakan minyak.manakala jenis </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">y mggunakn gas adalh sprti falcon beta,f&g,merlin gerin,vei...pd masa skrg smuanya suis gear </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">mnggunakn gas krana ianya lbih slamat.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">SF6 gas menjadi insullation diantara setiap phase dalam compartment switch gear tersebut n </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">RMU...switchgear 33,132,275kv GIS indoor masih menggunakan vaccum,SF6 gas sebagai pemutus litar </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">dan SF6 gas dan vaccum perlu di uji sebelum dan selepas(mngikut tempoh penyelenggaraan) yg </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">digunakan pada pepasangan..</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Kelebihan SF6 adalah.(sulfur hexafluoride)SF6</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1)mudah diselenggara dengan hanye monitor isi kandungan gas tersebut..serta pressure gas..</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">2)Mempunyai protection seperti gauge meter sf6 dalam stage1 dan stage2..dan intelocking block utk</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> proctecion unit primary n secondry..</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3)breaker n switchgear GIS adalah lebih kecil berbanding dengan AIS</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">4)Kawasan tapak station yg munggunakan GIS lebih compact dan selamat..</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">5)Risiko daripada benda asing memasuki compatment switchgear tiada..</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">6)Risiko bila berlakunye arking pada isolator,breaker semasa proses penyusuisan adalah tahap yg paling selamat</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">7)Harganye mahal berbanding dengan AIS switchgear</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">8)Sesuai di gunakan di kawasan bandar2 besar..Hampir keseluruhan di Lembah klang Kuala lumpur </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">menggunakan GIS switchgear..</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-23784108892497244192016-04-06T17:36:00.000-07:002016-04-06T17:36:02.514-07:00PENCAWANG<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"> PENCAWANG Pencawang ialah satu tempat dimana terdapat bekalan elektrik masuk dan keluar (incoming and outgoing supply). Bekalan dikawal oleh perkakas suis (seperti ring main unit, pemutus litar), alatubah dan berbagai jenis sistem perlindungan dan kabel. Bekalan yang masuk melalui kabel bawah tanah dan pemutus litar/perkakas suis disalurkan ke alatubah untuk menurunkan voltannya sebelum disalurkan kepada pengguna. Fungsi pencawang ialah untuk menerima, mengubah, menghantar, mengendalikan serta membahagikan bekalan elektrik kepada pencawang lain ataupun pengguna. Ia juga membolehkan penyuisan masuk atau keluar kebahagian-bahagian lain dalam satu-satu sistem. Disamping itu bahagian yang rosak dalam satu-satu sistem diasingkan dengan cara penyuisan dan bekalan elektrik dapat diberikan melalui litar yang lain dari arah yang lain. Pada kebiasaannya pihak TNB akan meminta mana-mana pihak samada kerajaan ataupun swasta mengadakan satu pencawang voltan tinggi 11kV bilamana Kehendak Maksima (MD) jangkaan melebehi 2MVA. Ada kalanya juga walaupun MD tidak sampai 2MVA, pihak TNB meminta juga sebuah pencawang disediakan atas sebab-sebab berikut: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">a. Kemungkinan feeder pada pencawang TNB sudah tidak dapat lagi menampung beban yang mungkin ditambah </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">b. Katakanlah JKR sahaja yang meminta penambahan beban dan dari segi ekonomi tidak menguntungkan malah akan merugikan TNB maka JKR akan diminta menyediakan satu pencawang voltan tinggi sendiri </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">c. Kawasan yang memerlukan tambahan itu mungkin terlalu luas, pencawang perantaraan juga berjauhan antara satu dengan lain dan kesusutan voltan berlaku pada kabel TNB TNB hanya atau selalunya membekalkan bekalan hingga ke perkakassuis voltan tinggi pengguna sahaja. Sistem metering ialah secara Bulk Metering. Panel metering ini adakalanya dipasang dalam pencawang HT pengguna dan adakalanya dipasang dalam pencawang TNB sendiri. Pembahagian sistem 11kV dalam pepasangan pengguna terdiri dari </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1 main intake (Pencawang Masukan Utama) dengan beberapa lagi buah pencawang yang diperlukan yang lazimnya disambung secara gelang (ring). Satu sistem pepasangan 11kV yang senang difahami adalah seperti berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> a. Pencawang sistem jejari (radial)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> b. Pencawang sistem gelang (ring) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">c. Pencawang sistem gelang dengan spur</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> 1. SISTEM BEKALAN ELEKTRIK Terdapat tiga jenis voltan dalam sistem bekalan elektrik di Malaysia iaitu: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">a. Voltan Penjanaan </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">b. Voltan Penghantaran</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> c. Voltan Pembahagian Voltan Penjanaan Voltan Penghantaran Voltan Pembahagian 415V 275kV 11kV 11kV 132kV 33kV 66kV 6.6kV 0.415V Nilai voltan yang terjana akan dinaikkan untuk penghantaraan dan direndahkan untuk pembahagian.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Proses pengendalian meninggi atau merendahkan nilai voltan memerlukan pencawang (alatubah). Voltan tinggi untuk penghantaran adalah bertujuan untuk mengurangkan susut voltan dan menjimatkan kos projek dan senggaraan. Voltan pembahagian perlu direndahkan untuk menyesuaikan dengan voltan peralatan yang digunakan oleh pengguna. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1.1 Bekalan Masuk Bekalan masuk boleh didapati dari pencawang pencawang penjanaan, janakuasa atau dari perkakas suis pencawang yang lain. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1.2 Perkakas Suis Bertugas atau berfungsi untuk menyambung atau memutuskan bekalan elektrik secara otomatik atau manual. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1.3 Geganti Perlindungan Berfungsi untuk melindungi perkakas suis dan alatubah </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1.4 Alatubah Berfungsi untuk meninggikan atau menurunkan voltan </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1.5 Bekalan Keluar Bekalan yang keluar dari pencawang dan akan disambungkan kepada samada pengguna atau pencawang lain Biasanya stesen penjanaan elektrik terletak jauh daripada bandar atau kawasan yang mempunyai beban yang tinggi. Oleh itu penghantaran jarak jauh terpaksa dilakukan dengan menggunakan voltan tinggi untuk menjimatkan kos serta mengurangkan susut voltan dan kehilangan didalam kabel. 2. PENCAWANG VOLTAN TINGGI DALAM BANGUNAN Pencawang voltan tinggi dalam bangunan adalah untuk menempatkan perkakas suis, alatubah dan peralatan yang berkaitan untuk mengagih-agihkan bekalan. Dalam rekabentuk lama, terdapat dimana perkakas suis dan alatubah ditempatkan dalam satu bilik yang sama. Untuk menghindarkan dari berlaku kemalangan kepada pekerja yang membuat pensuisan, satu rekabentuk yang baru telah dibuat dimana perkakas suis dan alatubah telah diasingkan dalam bilik-bilik yang berasingan. Laluan masuk ke bangunan mestilah dengan mudah dapat menurunkan segala perkakas suis yang diperlukan dihadapan pintu pencawang. Pintu-pintu pencawang pula hendaklah dapat memuatkan apa sahaja peralatan yang besar yang diperlukan. Ruang dalam pencawang pula hendaklah cukup besar ruangnya supaya segala peralatan yang bakal dipasang senang digerakkan dan disusun. Pintu-pintu pencawang pula hendaklah dipasang dengan cara membuka arah keluar, bertujuan jika berlaku apa-apa letupan dari dalam pencawang, pintu ini akan membuka arah keluar dan sekaligus mengurangkan tekanan didalam bilik pencawang. Pembinaan lantai pula hendaklah samarata dan tidak terdapat apa-apa halangan yang mungkin boleh menyebabkan kemalangan. Semua peparit kabel hendaklah disediakan penutup yang boleh diangkat dan boleh menampung berat perkakas suis dan pekerja yang berada diatasnya. Semua sambungan pita tembaga pembumian hendaklah dipasang pada dinding-dinding peparit kabel, tepi perkakas suis, dinding pencawang atau lantai peparit kabel supaya ia tidak menjadi halangan. Bila dua alatubah diperlukan untuk satu pencawang, maka dua buah bilik yang berasingan perlu disediakan. Disini juga alatubah hendaklah diletak/dipasang pada satu kedudukan yang memberi ruang mencukupi disekelilingnya untuk membolehkan semua kendalian dan apa saja kerja yang berkaitan dilakukan. Rekabentuk dan saiz perkakas suis dan alatubah yang bakal digunakan nanti memainkan peranan yang penting bagi menentukan saiz sesuatu pencawang. Faktur-faktur lain seperti tinggi paras lantai dari siling, lebar daun pintu dan panjang serta lebar bangunan pencawang perlulah diambil kira. Keselesaan ruang sekeliling perkakas suis dan alatubah mesti diambil kira untuk menarik keluar pemutus litar/perkakas suis semasa membuat kerja baikpulih dan senggaraan. Juga keselamatan dibahagian atas perlu diberi perhatian. Untuk membuka dan mengangkat core alatubah keluar ruang untuk chain block perlu mencukupi. Kebanyakan perkakas suis memerlukan ruang yang selesa dibahagian belakang untuk kerja-kerja menyambung kabel dan apa saja kerja dibahagian busbar. Pada kebiasaannya ruang untuk penambahan perkakas suis sentiasa disediakan. Semua pencawang voltan tinggi hendaklah dilengkapkan dengan peralatan pengendalian (tools) tersendiri. Peralatan ini hendaklah dipamerkan didinding bangunan, diatas rak atau didalam kabinet. Peralatan-peralatan yang dimaksudkan ialah seperti set pembumian, test plug, handle pengendalian, peralatan untuk menurunkan tangki pemutus litar, handle pengecas spring dan lain-lain lagi. Lubang-lubang pada pencawang untuk keluar/masuk kabel hendaklah ditutup dengan berkesan demi untuk menghalang binatang-binatang seperti ular, tikus, kucing dan lain-lain dari masuk kedalam peparit kabel. Pemanasan dan ruang alir angin (ventilation) perlu diberi perhatian khas. Anak tingkap hendaklah diadakan disekeliling bangunan pencawang. Ini termasuklah pada pintu, tingkap dan ruang-ruang lain yang difikirkan perlu. Untuk mengelakkan serangga kecil masuk kedalam semua lubang-lubang angin pada pintu dan tingkap, hendaklah dipasangkan dengan mosquito netting. Mata-mata lampu dan kuasa hendaklah dibekalkan didalam bangunan pencawang untuk kemudahan bekerja pada waktu siang dan lebih-lebih lagi malam hari. Alat pemadam api hendaklah disediakan dan disenggara dengan baik pada tempat yang berhampiran sekali dengan pintu masuk ke pencawang. Jika sistem pencegah kebakaran jenis otomatik dipasang, satu cara khas untuk mematikan sistem itu perlu diadakan bilamana kerja-kerja tambahan atau penyelenggaraan hendak dijalankan pada pencawang berkenaan. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3. PENCAWANG PEMBAHAGIAN Pencawang pembahagian boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">a. Pencawang berbangunan atas tanah </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">b. Pencawang luar bangunan atas tanah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> c. Pencawang Compact d. Pencawang atas tiang </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3.1 Pencawang Berbangunan Atas Tanah Boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis seperti berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> a. Pencawang rangkuman bilek dimana alatubah dan perkakas suis dibina dalam bilek yang sama</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> b. Pencawang yang mempunyai satu bilek alatubah </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">c. Pencawang yang mempunyai dua bilek alatubah Pencawang berbangunan boleh didirikan dengan dua cara iaitu bangunan pencawang sendirian atau bangunan pencawang cantuman dengan bangunan-bangunan. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Alat-alat yang terdapat didalam pencawang adalah:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> a. Alatubah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> b. Perkakas suis</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> c. Papan pembahagian voltan rendah (MSB atau Feeder Pillar)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> d. Alat pemadam api â jenis otomatik bagi pencawang cantuman dengan bangunan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> e. Carta pemulihan nafas</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> f. Papan tanda MERBAHAYA dan DILARANG MASUK</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> g. Kabel voltan tinggi dan rendah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> 3.2 Pencawang Luar Bangunan Atas Tanah Terdapat hanya satu jenis pencawang luar bangunan atas tanah dengan tapak piawai 25â x 20â. Sekiranya tanah untuk tapak pencawang diluar bangunan tidak mencukupi, ia hendaklah sekurang-kurangnya berukuran 15â x 20â. Alat-alat yang terdapat didalam pencawang adalah:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">a. Alatubah </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">b. Perkakas suis</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">c. Papan pembahagian voltan rendah (MSB atau Feeder Pillar) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">d. Kabel voltan tinggi dan rendah </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3.3 Pencawang Compact Pencawang jenis ini adalah berdindingkan logam sepenuhnya tanpa bangunan. Didalamnya terdapat Ring Main Unit, Alatubah dan Papan Suis Voltan Rendah. Kadaran kuasa alatubahnya adalah terhad, contohnya 500kVA, 750kVA dan 1000kVA. Untuk kerja segera atau keperluan kecemasan ianya amat sesuai sebab tidak perlu membina bangunan konkrit yang memakan masa yang lama untuk menyiapkannya. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3.4 Pencawang Atas Tiang Pencawang atas tiang dibahagikan kepada dua jenis:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> i. Pencawang perantaraan atas tiang.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ii. Pencawang akhir atas tiang Pencawang perantaraan atas tiang adalah pencawang yang mempunyai dua bekalan voltan tinggi, kadang-kadang juga dipanggil pencawang loop In Loop Out atas tiang. Adapun pencawang jenis ini biasanya terletak ditengah-tengah litar voltan tinggi. Pencawang akhir atas tiang adalah pencawang yang mempunyai satu bekalan sahaja iaitu masuk sahaja. Pencawang ini biasanya terletak diakhir litar voltan tinggi. Alat-alat yang terdapat didalam pencawang atas tiang adalah seperti berikut: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">a. Penebat Pin Adalah alat yang digunakan untuk membantu pengalir yang tak bersalut dari disentuhi oleh bahan-bahan besi yang lain. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">b. Peti Kabel Tempat untuk menerima kabel voltan tinggi dan menyambung kabel dengan pengalir tidak bersalut </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">c. Penangkap Kilat Untuk melencongkan pusuan kilat kebumi apabila kilat menyambar talian atas alatubah. Dengan ini talian atau alatubah dapat diselamatkan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> d. Fius Jatoh (Drop Fuse) Fius jatoh digunakan pada alatubah apabila berlaku arus lampau dan untuk memutuskan litar jika ada kerosakan dalam lilitan </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">e. Saluran Besi 4â X 2â Untuk mengapit dua tiang besi supaya tiang sentiasa tegak</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> f. Penebat Berbelenggu Voltan Rendah Bertindak sebagai penebat untuk voltan rendah yang keluar</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> g. Alatubah Untuk merendahkan voltan 11kV kepada 415V. keupayaan biasa alatubah untuk pencawang diatas tiang ialah 100kVA. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">h. Bush Kabel Untuk mengapit kabel voltan tinggi. Bush ini dibuat dari kayu </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">i. Tiang Keluli Tiang ini ialah untuk menampung berat beban yang ada dipencawang ini. Tingginya ialah 35 kaki</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> j.</span><span style="background-color: white;">Alat Pengadang (Anti Climbing Device) Untuk mencegah orang yang tidak ada berkenaan mendekati atau memanjat bahagian litar hidup</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> k. Tiang Pengapit Untuk mengapit paip galvanic dengan tiang keluli </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">l. Paip Galvanic Paip yang berukuran 3.5â x 10â digunakan untuk perlindungan kabel voltan tinggi m. Kabel Voltan Tinggi Ialah kabel masuk dan keluar 11kV n. Konkrit Bawah Tiang Konkrit ini ialah untuk menguatkan lagi tiang Pencawang pembahagian berbangunan biasanya diletakkan di bandar, taman perumahan, kilang-kilang dan di tempat ramai orang. Pencawang pembahagian luar bangunan atas tanah dan pencawang atas tiang biasanya diletakkan dikawasan lombong dan tempat yang jauh dari orang ramai. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">4. PENCAWANG LITAR GELANG Bila pencawang voltan tinggi disambung secara gelang, ia akan meningkatkan lagi prestasi bagi pencawang itu. Apa yang dimaksudkan ialah bilamana berlaku sesuatu kerosakan pada pencawang A, kawasan yang dikawal oleh pencawang A masih dapat diberikan bekalan. Dengan mengasingkan feeder yang rosak ke pencawang A bekalan dapat diberikan semula ke A menerusi pencawang / feeder lain. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">5. PENCAWANG LITAR SPUR Spur adalah pencawang tambahan yang disambungan dari mana-mana pencawang yang berada didalam sesuatu sistem gelang tetapi spur tersebut tidak termasuk didalam sistem gelang tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> 6. PENCAWANG MASUKAN UTAMA Satu rekabentuk yang standard bagi pencawang masukan utama adalah seperti didalam gambarajah. Biasanya pencawang ini terdiri dari jenis dua petak (chamber), satu petak untuk perkakas suis TNB dan satu lagi untuk perkakas suis pengguna.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> 7. UJIAN MULATUGAS PENCAWANG Ujian mulatugas sesebuah pencawang pembahagian boleh dibahagikan kepada perkara-perkara berikut: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">a. Ujian mulatugas Pemutus Litar (OCB, VCB atau SF6)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> b. Ujian mulatugas Ring Main Unit (OLU, HFU, SF6)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> c. Ujian mulatugas kabel</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> d. Ujian mulatugas alatubah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> e. Penatahan geganti-geganti perlindungan (Primary & Secondary Injection)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> f. Ujian penebatan dan keterusan pendawaian kecil (secondary wiring) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">g. Ujian alatubah arus dan alatubah voltan (c.t dan p.t) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">h. Ujian pengecas bateri dan litar arus terus</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> i. Ujian penebatan kabel, busbar, pemutus litar, ring main unit dan alatubah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> j. Ujian tekanan kabel, busbar, pemutus litar, ring main unit dan alatubah </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">k. Ujian keterusan litar pandu (solkor & translay) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Tindakan yang mesti diambil sebelum mengendalikan perkakas ujian tekanan </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">· Pastikan kawasan untuk membuat ujian tekanan telah dikepung dengan tali khas berwarna terang dan pada tali itu digantung tanda BAHAYA. · Pastikan sambungan ke bumi perkakas suis ujian tekanan kukuh dan ketat dan dawai yang digunakan hendaklah yang sesuai, sekurang-kurangnya 7/0.029 PVC. · Kayu discharge pula mesti disediakan dan tempat meletakkan kayu itu hendaklah ditempat yang tidak mengganggu pekerjaan. · Jarak diantara unit alatatur voltan dan unit alatubah mestilah sesuai sebab voltan tinggi berada dipunca alatubah.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">· Dawai ujian yang hidup tidak boleh diletakkan atas tanah atau terlebih dekat dengan punca pembumian seperti tubuh panel OCB atau suis. · Pada masa buang cas gunakanlah hujung kayu discharge terlebih dahulu hingga bacaan jangka kilovolt menunjukkan kosong sebelum membuat sambungan terus pada bumi. · Sebelum ujian tekanan dilakukan pada sesuatu alat, ujikan dahulu alat itu dengan alatuji penebatan 1000 volt. Bacaan penebatan yang didapati mestilah 100 megaohm keatas. Ujian tekanan dengan voltan penuh tidak dinasihatkan untuk dijalankan jika rintangan penebatan kurang daripada 100 megaohm.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-54840666115711696752016-03-31T07:30:00.003-07:002016-04-06T20:53:14.210-07:00PENGUBAH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan ke rumah atau industri
datangnya dari rangkaian sistem penghantaran yang kemudiannya direndahkan nilai
voltan arus ulang-alik untuk disambung ke rangkaian sistem pembahagian. Proses
penukaran nilai voltan dilakukan di pencawang elektrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Salah satu kebaikkan menggunakan sistem voltan arus
ulang-alik ialah nilai voltannya boleh diubah dengan menggunakan alatubah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Kemagnetan.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Ciri-ciri asas alatubah
ialah kemagnetan. Kemagnetan merupakan satu fenomena yang penting dalam bidang
elektrik. Magnet kekal adalah magnet yang tidak memeriukan sebarang kuasa atau
daya bagi mengekalkan medan magnetnya</span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Urat daya magnet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Magnet kekal menghasilkan urat daya magnet yang
dipanggil "fluks". Simbol fluks adalah abjad Greek phi (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 150%;">q</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">). Urat daya magnet dapat dilihat dengan
meletakan sekeping kertas di atas magnet dan ditaburkan habuk besi diatas
kertas tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">Habuk besi yang ditaburkan akan menjajar dalam
corak seperti yang ditunjukan dalam gambarajah di bawah. Corak yang terbentuk
adalah dalam kedudukan 2 dimensi, tetapi yang sebenamya ia mengelilingi
keseluruhan magnet tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Urat daya magnet
akan menolak dan tidak menyilang di antara satu sama lain. Walaupun urat daya
magnet tidak mengalir, tetapi ianya boleh diandaikan mengalir dari arah utara
ke selatan.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US">Hukum asas magnet menyatakan bahawa
kutub yang berbeza akan manarik dan kutub yang sama akan menolak.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Pengubah Arus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Mengurangkan arus talian kepada nilai yang dapat diukur oleh meter arus rendah. Bahagian utama akan disambungkan sesiri dengan arus talian. Oleh itu, ia perlulah mempunyai rintangan yang rendah dan nisbah pengubah arus mempunyai rintangan yang rendah dan nisbah pengubah arus biasanya 10 : 1. Belitan sekunder mempunyai lilitan yang lebih banyak berbanding dengan belitan utama. Tujuannnya ialah untuk mengurangkan arus. Sebagai contoh, jika arus litar 100amp, meter ampiar yang disambungkan ke belitan sekunder akan mencatatkan bacaan 10 amp. Bagi mendapatkan bacaan arus talian (litar) 100amp, atau julat skala itu telah sedia ditukarkan iaitu 10 x 10 = 100amp, atau julat skala itu telah sedia ditukarkan kepada nilai lain setelah didarab dengan nisbah pengubah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Pengubah Kuasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Sebuah alat static arus ulangalik yang digunakan untuk mengalih kuasa elektrik dari satu litar ke litar yang lain dengan mengubah voltan dan arus tetapi tanpa mengubah frekuensinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Prinsip kerja pengubah ialah, kuasa boleh dipindahkan secara efektif melalui induksi magnetic dari satu gelong lilitan kepada yang lain dengan daya magnetic yang dihasilkan oleh arus ulangalik. Apabila arus ulangalik ini dihidupkan ke lilitan utama, arus yang mengalir pada satu arah dan kemudian sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Medan magnetic yang dihasilkan mengelilingi seluruh litar magnetic dan menghasilkan voltan ke litar utama dan pendua kerana kedua-dua litar ini disambungkan dengan medan magnetic yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Voltan yang dihasilkan di satu lilitan di litar utama dan lilitan pendua adalah sama dan di arah yang sama. Voltan yang dihasilkan di lilitan pendua adalah bergantung kepada voltan yang di masukkan pada lilitan utama dan bilangan lilitan di lilitan pendua. Oleh kerana voltan di lilitan utama dan lilitan pendua berubah, arus di lilitan pendua juga turut berubah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Kuasa (VA) = Voltan x Arus</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-align: left;">Pengubah Voltan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Berfungsi atas prinsip yang sama seperti pengubah kuasa, dimana kadar nisbah voltan pada gelong prima dan gelong sekunder adalah berkadar terus pada kadar nisbah lilitan bagi kedua-dua gelong tersebut contoh: 40:1. Ini bererti pada bahagian prime, voltannya lebih tinggi berbanding dengan bahagian sekunder. Katakanlah voltan bahagian ini mestilah mampu mengambil bacaan sehingga 120volt dan bacaan voltan sebenar (bahagian prime) dapat diketahui dengan mendarabkan bacaan voltan ini dengan nisbah pengubah. Jadi voltan prima yang sepatutnya diukur oleh meter volt ini ialah 40x120=48volt. Bagi memudahkan bacaan, biasanya julat skala meter volt itu diubah suai kepada nilai lain (setelah didarabkan dengan 40). Ini bererti skala maksimum meter itu menjadi 4800 volt, bukan 120 volt walaupun sebenarnya ia hanya mengukur sehingga 120 volt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Oleh sebab bebannya rendah, kadar VA bagi pengubah voltan juga rendah. Salah satu terminasi bahagian sekunder kadang kalanya di bumikan, ini dilakukan bagi mengelakkan berlakunya pembocoran penebat diantara gelung prima dan sekunder, sebagai keselamatan tambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Bentuk fizikal pengubah ini sama dengan bentuk pengubah kuasa, hanya ianya berlainan pada gelung, dimana ianya mesti berpenebat apabila digunakan bagi voltan tinggi dan sering terendam di dalam minyak bagi menguatkan perlindungan. Kehilangan yang paling penting bagi pembinaanya ialah dari segi nilai ketetapan nisbah voltan dan penghapusan perbezaan sudut fasa. Sudut fasa dari 0</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="10" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> E atau 180 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="6" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> E amatlah diperlukan, memandangkan pengubah voltan digunakan bagi menyambung dan membekal alat-alat pengukur yang agak sensitive. Alat-alat seperti meter watt dimana di dalamnya terdapat dua gelung beroperasi. Sebagai panduan, biasanya pengubah voltan berfungsi atas dasar fluk yang rendah berlegar di dalam teras, yang mempunyai luas keratan rentasnya yang besar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Pengubah Auto</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Mempunyai satu belitan gegelung sahaja. Sebahagian daripada belitan itu akan dijadikan belitan utama dan keseluruhan belitan itu akan dijadikan belitan sekunder atau sebaliknya. Jika belitan utama lebih banyak daripada belitan sekunder, pengubah auto itu dipanggil penggubah auto langkah naik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Oleh kerana belitan sekunder dan prima berkongsi teras dan kemagnetan, sebarang perubahan arus dan fluk akan bertindak terus kepada belitan itu. Ini bererti belitan sekunder dan primer mengalami kearuhan diri (tidak ada kearuhan saling berlaku seperti dalam pengubah biasa dua belitan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Dalam erti kata lain, pengubah auto ini samalah seperti pembahagi voltan dimana sebahagian daripada voltan akan susut apabila melalui perintang sungguh pun perintang ini tidak boleh menaikkan voltan seperti dalam pengubah auto langkah naik. Gerak daya elektrik yang dihasilkan oleh tiap-tiap lilitan di dalam pengubah auto tersebut bergantung pada nisbah “lilitan/volt”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Binaannya</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Teras dibuat daripada lapisan-lapisan besi yang diapit bersama-sama teras besi yang lain.Terdapat berbagai jenis pengubah, tetapi umumnya berbentuk tingkap dan kelompong. Teras merupakan faktor penting bagi menguatkan fluks magnet yang dihasilkan. Teras dibuat berlapis-lapis agar kehilangan arus pusar dapat dikurangkan di dalam teras tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Belitan terbahagi kepada dua iaitu belitan utama dan belitan sekunder. Belitan utama disambungkan ke bekalan masuk sementara belitan sekunder disambungkan ke bekalan keluar. Dari sinilah sama ada nilai voltan atau arus pengubah itu diambil selepas perpindahannya. Penambahan atau pengurangan bilangan belitan sekunder dapat memberikan nilai voltan atau arus yang lebih atau kurang daripada nilai bekalan yang diberikan. Belitan dililit secara lapisan sandwich atau sepusar atau berasingan untuk mengelakkan daripada kebocoran fluks, di samping mengeluarkan fluks yang berguna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Penutup menjadi pembalut dan ianya berfungsi untuk menyejukkan pengubah. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Sistem Penyejukkannya</span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">ONAN – OIL NATURALL AIR NATURALL<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Ini adalah yang paling mudah sistem pengubah penyejukan. Bentuk penuh ONAN adalah (Oil Naturall Air Naturall) "Minyak Asli Air Semula Jadi". Aliran convectional sini semulajadi minyak panas digunakan untuk penyejukan. Dalam edaran convectional minyak, minyak yang panas mengalir ke bahagian atas tangki pengubah dan tempat kosong diduduki oleh minyak sejuk. Ini minyak panas yang datang ke bahagian atas, akan menghilangkan haba di atmosfera melalui pengaliran semula jadi, perolakan & radiasi di udara dan akan menjadi sejuk. Dengan cara ini minyak di dalam tangki pengubah terus beredar apabila pengubah dimasukkan ke dalam beban. Sebagai kadar pelesapan haba dalam udara bergantung kepada permukaan tangki minyak yang melesapkan, ia adalah penting untuk meningkatkan kawasan permukaan yang berkesan tangki. Permukaan melesapkan jadi tambahan dalam bentuk tiub atau radiator disambungkan ke tangki pengubah. Ini dikenali sebagai radiator pengubah atau radiator bank pengubah. Di bawah satu bentuk yang paling mudah di penyejukan semula jadi atau ONAN perkiraan penyejukan pengubah pembumian di bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">ONAF – OIL NATURALL AIR FORCE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Pelesapan haba jelas boleh meningkat, jika permukaan melesapkan dinaikkan tetapi ia boleh membuat lebih cepat dengan menggunakan aliran udara paksa pada permukaan yang melesapkan. Peminat meniup udara pada permukaan penyejukan bekerja. Udara paksa menghilangkan haba dari permukaan radiator dan menyediakan penyejukan yang lebih baik daripada udara semula jadi. Bentuk penuh ONAF adalah (Oil Natural Air Force) "Minyak Air Semula Jadi Paksa". Oleh kerana kadar pelesapan haba adalah lebih cepat dan lebih dalam ONAF pengubah kaedah penyejukan daripada ONAN sistem penyejukan, pengubah kuasa elektrik boleh dimasukkan ke dalam lebih beban tanpa melintasi had suhu yang dibenarkan.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-align: left;">OFAF – OIL FORCE AIR FORCE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Dalam minyak terpaksa udara sistem penyejukan semula jadi pengubah, pelesapan haba yang dipercepatkan dengan menggunakan udara paksa pada permukaan melesapkan tetapi peredaran minyak panas dalam tangki pengubah adalah aliran convectional semula jadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Kadar pelesapan haba boleh meningkat masih lagi jika peredaran minyak ini dipercepatkan dengan menggunakan beberapa daya. Dalam OFAF sistem penyejukan minyak terpaksa beredar di dalam gelung tertutup tangki pengubah melalui pam minyak. OFAF bermaksud (Oil Force Air Force) "Minyak Paksa Air Paksa" kaedah penyejukan pengubah. Kelebihan utama sistem ini adalah bahawa ia adalah sistem padat dan untuk kapasiti penyejukan sama OFAF ruang yang jauh lebih kurang daripada petani dua sistem pengubah penyejukan. Sebenarnya dalam minyak sistem penyejukan semula jadi, haba yang keluar daripada menjalankan sebahagian daripada pengubah disesarkan dari kedudukannya, dalam kadar perlahan disebabkan aliran convectional minyak tetapi dalam minyak penyejukan sistem terpaksa haba yang disesarkan daripada asalnya sebaik sahaja ia datang dalam minyak, dengan itu kadar penyejukan menjadi lebih cepat.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-73218402159584634982011-05-23T21:40:00.000-07:002011-05-23T23:26:57.799-07:00FIBERGLASS TECHNOLOGY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x9wQqfyoHFE/TJmw9beaaAI/AAAAAAAAAuU/k0cMIXUv0ww/s1600/GM+LANSKAP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x9wQqfyoHFE/TJmw9beaaAI/AAAAAAAAAuU/k0cMIXUv0ww/s320/GM+LANSKAP.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 100%;"><thead>
<tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 100%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">This page is not a detailed description of what vacuum infusion (or whatever you want to call it) is. There is a bit of stuff on the web describing this technique but most infusion work on the web is for boat-building. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">But working on the model scale is a little different and that is what this page is about. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> To see the sort of things I make see my<a href="http://eddiem.com/toys/rcplanes/myfoil/myfoil.html"><br />
</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I have occasionally done something crudely resembling vacuum infusion by simply adding resin into the bottom of a plastic bag, placing my “job” next to it, then a resin trap made of tissue paper and shoving a vacuum line into the open end and then sealing the bag around it. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">This kind of works (sometimes) but there is the same time pressure that you have with other wet layups - you have resin with a limited working time and the clock is ticking. When things go wrong things can get really messy really quickly. The other problem was the infusion was slow and unless I helped it along I could only get around 50mm infused before the resin gelled. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">A bit of research (including the links above) pointed to the lack of a resin transport/flow layer as the reason to this slowness. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> Today's test was partly see if any material I had around to house would work as a flow medium. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> I could have taken a drive to my fibreglass supplier and bought all the proper stuff (and I probably will) but this was only a rough test and the whole set-up was new so I was bound to learn something even if the flow media didn't work. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I tested hessian, chux wipes, paper towel and cotton flannelette. I would also have liked to test – cotton towel, wool, shade cloth, geo-textile and of course real flow media.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
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<tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 100%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">Infusion port (yellow disk on the left).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I turned a disk of plastic on my lathe , re-melted milk bottle tops). The disk has a hole bored in it which will take a syringe nozzle with a tight fit. I also machined a hollow around the hole. It might be beneficial to have some radial groves on the underside but this one doesn't. The disk is placed inside the plastic bag, after the vacuum is drawn and everything is sitting in place – a syringe is jammed into the hole. Today the plastic didn't puncture when I did this, so I had to remove it and break the seal with a drill bit. <b>This has to be an air tight seal</b>. The reason I machined a depression is so resin can be poured there as a leak test and leak inhibitor. Having a pool of resin there could also allow the hole to be unplugged under certain circumstances without letting air in - I will explain why later. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I choose this LDPE plastic because resin doesn't bond to it. I'm sure there are many alternatives to what I've done. I would suggest a rubber suction cap or a large pencil eraser could also be easily modified for this purpose. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Underneath the port I placed a strip cut from a scouring pad to give a low resistance path for the incoming resin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">The test laminate.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> The laminate was laid up on a plastic cutting board (again LDPE) it consists of three layer of woven glass matt (around 150 GSM). This is covered by peel-ply and then has the flow media candidates on top. Everything (including board) is put inside a clear plastic bag which was sticky-taped shut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">The vacuum port (white disk on the right).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> This is quite similar to the infusion port. The airtight seal isn't quite so critical here, apart from that the two ports are interchangeable. I made this one from some scrap silicone (silicone which had gone hard inside it's tube). I cut it into disk and bored a hole through it. The little nozzle on the vacuum line is sold for mini irrigation systems (garden variety). Another piece of pad is placed under this port as well.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">The resin trap (at the back).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> This is just a jar with a couple of nozzles glued into the lid. It just catches resin before it reaches the pump. To re-use the jar I put a cut-off plastic cup inside so I can get the cured resin out.<br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> The pump is a dynavac single stage vane pump. You need a strong vacuum (don't even think of using a vacuum cleaner) but if the bag is well seal you shouldn't need a big pump. I'd like to try a peristaltic pump some time as the dynavac is very noisy.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 100%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I poured 25ml of resin into the 25ml syringe. The resin infused fairly rapidly. I immediately mixed another batch and only 5ml of the first batch was left when I was ready. The pad rapidly saturated and the resin appeared to be boiling. Resin pooled inside the bag near the port. As soon as the resin front hit the hessian it was clear this was going to win the race. The resin travelled along the hessian about twice as fast as through the glass. The hessian is supplying resin to the surrounding area as well so it would be even faster if the entire surface was covered with it. The chux and paper towel didn't seem to help at all, the chux is only in ahead because it is getting resin from the hessian as well. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> The cotton actually retarded the resin flow, the flow through the cotton cloth was clearly lagging behind flow in the glass. The resin didn't reach pad on the vacuum port because the resin started to gel too soon. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">During infusion the pressure inside the bag near the infusion port is close to ambient. Resin pools here and the laminate is not being compacted as we would like. The pressure in this region only drops after the resin inflow has been stopped and excess resin is removed from the area as it flows toward the exit.<br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> It seems to me that this would be much improved if – after infusion - vacuum is applied to the infusion port to rapidly remove the excess resin from this area. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> On the big projects where resin goes in via a tube (of course I could do that too) it would be fairly trivial to arrange the plumbing to allow an easy change over. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> In my minimalist system I think I could simply unplug the syringe and plug in a vacuum line. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> By the time the resin has completely infused - the flow rate is very slow and as I hinted earlier some extra resin in the dimple around the inlet would prevent air entering. Even if some air entered it shouldn't reach the laminate and it would be immediate sucked back out when vacuum is applied. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> I suspect you could drop the vacuum for a few second without wrecking the job. There are other options I won't go int</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 100%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Today I bought some proper flow material. It is useless as a flow material for my stuff. It is way too thick and drapes about as well as a piece of toast. When you cut it - the spiky bits can puncture the thin bags I'm using.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Today's test laminate is carbon fibre, four layers of 135 GSM cloth (25/75 weave). The flow material is shade cloth. The enkafusion flow material is under the two ports. Note the the infusion port is still sealed in the above photo. Inserting the syringe punctured the plastic and the port worked perfectly.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 100%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">This is what happened.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I mixed up a bigger batch of resin than yesterday (60ml). It infused at alarming speed and by the time I hurriedly mixed a second batch the resin had already reached the vacuum side of the laminate. The resin appeared to be boiling (and it probably was).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The mid line connecting the ports was fairly bubble free but further out towards the edges seemed to be mostly vapour. I don't know what was happening in the carbon. I made a little video clip which shows the bubbling accompanied by the sweet sound of a dynavac </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">It only took a few more minutes for bubbles to appear in the vacuum line. Here is a longer clip (2.6 meg).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 100%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">After a while there didn't seem to be much point in continuing to let resin into the system. I tried reducing the vacuum a little by uncapped the second vacuum line but it didn't make much difference. When the flow media is as open as this - my previous comment about dual vacuum lines doesn't apply but I wanted to try it anyway. The flow of resin into the infusion port had slowed quite a lot. I pooled extra resin in around the infusion point and unplugged the syringe. I delayed a little to obverse the flow and a little air did get sucked in. I plugged in the second vacuum line and the boiling increased and resin immediately began to bubble through the line. More vapour appeared in the shade cloth even along the mid line. The resin in the resin trap was also boiling (supporting the theory that these weren't just air bubbles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Being impatient I shone a desk lamp onto the job to warm it and speed up the curing. Eventually the bubbles in the lines slowly down as the resin thickened and the left line more so than the right. The reason was probably that there was an air leak on the right side due to a puncture from the enkafusion. <br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> When both lines stopped (sealed off by resin) I disconnect the pump and a while later heated the job to 70 deg in my oven to cure it.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Once cured, the carbon was very difficult to separate from the other layers. In particular the enkafusion becomes rather tough to move once it is full of cured resin. This could be a real problem on a complex shape.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The laminate had some blemishes on the underside (the cutting board side). This was probably due to my hurried mixing on the second batch of resin. The top side looks as good as any I've ever made.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 100%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">More to ponder.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> It is pretty obvious resin will boil if you pull a hard enough vacuum. I don't remember anyone mentioning this before or flagging it as a problem. On a large job like a boat - the pump has a lot more work to do and it may not be able to maintain a high enough vacuum for noticeable boiling. On this small scale my pump can pull a hard vacuum in a few seconds and maintain it even when the resin boils. Despite all this the resin seemed to cure OK. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The initial infusion was too fast for comfort. If I use these materials again I will add a valve or clamp to reduce the vacuum in the early stages. I think I will still go to full vacuum in the later stages.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I don't really think I will use this enkafusion/shade cloth combination for the model work expect maybe for flat laminates. At the moment I think hessian is the top candidate because it drapes better. I think it will also be easier to separate it from the laminate. Strips of shade cloth or even enkafusion will be used but not over the entire surface. A better flow material may still be found and maybe a suitable release film.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I used a ridiculous amount of resin today. I mixed 120 ml to make a 23 gram laminate. Around 20 ml was unused and almost 40ml ended up in the resin trap. These aren't totally wasted because I can use the hard pieces for machining. I think the amount of resin wasted can be significantly reduce</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sixty ml of resin was carefully mixed. The vacuum line was clamped to reduce the initial panic phase but was not needed. The initial infusion was rapid then progressively slowing down. There was a bit of boiling but very little compared to yesterday. I estimate it took under five minutes to reach the stage in the first photo.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">It took another seven minutes to get this far. Notice how well defined and straight the resin boundary is.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">It took almost forty minutes to reach the shade cloth at the vacuum end. Five ml of resin still remained unused. Note the resin at the edge is a little more advanced than further in, this is because there is no CF at the edge.<br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> I swapped the resin supply for a vacuum line and resin immediately went up the line to the resin trap. Initially there was a lot of resin around the infusion site but it was eventually removed. At the other end resin continued to creep towards the port and all the hessian was eventually filled with resin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">The result.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> The laminate was the driest looking laminate I've ever made without it falling apart. There is virtually no resin in the spaces in the weave and there are pinholes right through were the weave patterns had line up. This laminate would not be water proof. However it appears to be well bounded there are no signs of de-lamination. It held together even when severely flex. Again it was difficult to remove it from the other layers but not as difficult as yesterday. The piece is of similar size to yesterday's sample but three grams lighter. I'm guessing a ten percent weight reduction which probably means twenty percent less resin in the fibre. I suspect the capillary action in the hessian has something to do with it. The looser weave of the shade cloth I used as the flow media yesterday might not compact the CF as well as the hessian does. These laminates are about 0.8 mm </span></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #2d53a8; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #2d53a8; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"><a href="http://www.vacmobiles.com/index.html"><b><span style="color: #23479b; text-decoration: none;"></span></b></a></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-53282402208234102032011-04-05T00:49:00.000-07:002011-04-05T00:49:05.577-07:00PERANGKAP CICAK<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Jika sesiapa yang berminat untuk memiliki perangkap cicak ajaib sila tel saya 019- 4766544</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-44504167857130514492010-08-07T20:39:00.000-07:002014-06-18T01:05:34.184-07:00GIAT BERBAKTI UNTUK KESEJAHTERAAN BERSAMA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Keikhlasan ada lah dari hati yang suci bersih</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2309819612343955914.post-34914026871060535032010-08-04T19:03:00.000-07:002010-08-11T16:50:19.826-07:00MEMBINA USAHAWAN JAYA, MEMBAIKPULIH SEMANGAT ANAK BANGSAKejayaan boleh di cipta , bermula dengan semangat yang membara<div class="blogger-post-footer">suhamaju</div>Mimajuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17829822545183666365noreply@blogger.com0